Posted: Thu Jun 10, 2010 4:13 pm Post subject: AQUARIUM FISH BREEDING AND MARKETING RULES
AQUARIUM FISH BREEDING AND MARKETING RULES
Introduction
Breeding and selling of aquarium fish has become big business. In this
process coral reefs have been damaged and many fish brought to near
extinction. There is a tendency to regard fish as non-beings therefore they are
sold as commodities, kept in unsuitable ways and in unsuitable places. Pain and
suffering is inflicted on these animals, with no thought for their wellbeing.
Recent studies have shown that fish display similar signs to humans when
they are under stress of faced with dangerous situations: increased heart rates,
increased breathing rates, adrenaline rushes, writhing and gasping. More than
500 research papers have been written that focus on fish intelligence, proving
that fish are intelligent, can use tools, and have impressive long-term memories
and sophisticated social structures. According to University of Edinburgh
Scientist, Dr. Culum Brown, the fish`s cognitive abilities surpass those of nonhuman
primates like monkeys.
Fish must be kept in the type of water they occupy in nature. Because fish
are poikilothermic (cold-blooded) animals, they are sensitive to rapid changes in
the temperature of their environment. If the fish tank gets too cold, the fish
become stressed and are susceptible to parasite infestations. If the aquarium
gets too warm, the dissolved oxygen level of the water drops rapidly and the fish
can literally suffocate. Therefore, it is essential to avoid drastic fluctuations in
temperature in the room where the fish tank / aquarium is kept.
Most fish also require at least six hours of the correct spectrum of light a
day to manufacture certain vitamins and to process components of their diet
hence location and lighting of the fish tank is also critical. Social behavior and
social influences on the behavior of fish tank animals are quite complex, and
hence, the persons keeping or selling the fish must have knowledge and a good
understanding of the species-specific requirements of the animals.
The Rules for the Housing and Breeding of aquarium fish apply to shop
keepers and aquarium keepers as well as anyone who keeps fish for public
display. They do not apply to fish caught and sold for food.
RULES FOR THE KEEPING, DISPLAY AND SALE OF AQUARIUM FISH:
I.DEFINITIONS:
“Establishment” means any seller of fish tank animals or anyone keeping public
display of fish tank animals.
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“Fish tank animal” means any fish, or animal other than fish, kept in tanks or
aquariums.
“Public display” means any place where people can view the fish that are kept in
fish tanks or aquariums, irrespective of whether entry to such places is restricted
or open, on payment or free.
“Facility” means any premises wherein fish tank animals are housed for display
or sale, including pet shops
“Tank” means the container in which fish tank animals are kept or the aquarium
for display of the fish.
“Total fish length” is defined as the sum of the lengths of all the fish in the tank,
calculated at the length of a full-grown adult, excluding the caudal tail.
II.ESTABLISHMENT
1. No establishment may sell or publicly display fish without a license from
the Animal Welfare Board of India (AWBI) or any authority prescribed by
the AWBI. No license shall be issued by the AWBI or the competent
authority unless the establishment complies with all the conditions listed in
these rules for keeping of aquarium fish or fish tank animals.
2. Every license shall be issued for one year at a time and is not
transferable.
3. Any establishment who does not properly care for the fish tank animals or
maintain the facility in accordance with these rules is liable to have his
license revoked and the establishment blacklisted from keeping fish tank
animals in future. Upon revocation of license, the fish tank animals are
liable to be confiscated and may be given to another licensed
establishment for proper care of the fish.
III. FISH TANK ANIMALS
(i) Species:
4. Fish tank animals may only be kept in tanks of sufficient size, shape,
and dimensions to meet the health and welfare needs of the fish tank
animals.
5. No establishment may keep or sell any species of fish animals listed
under CITES. No establishment may keep or sell any species listed in
Appendix A.
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6. No establishment may keep or sell any species of fish tank animals
that are not listed in Appendix B. Specific permission of the AWBI is
required for any establishment to keep fish tank animals not listed in
Appendix B.
7. No establishment may keep or sell any species that cannot easily be
acclimatized to aquarium life, or that may be endangered species due to
over-collection. This includes but is not limited to the following species of
fish:
• Garibaldi damselfish (hypsypops rubicundus)
• Rock beauty (holacanthus tricolour)
• Atlantic long-nosed butterflyfish(chaetodon aculeatus)
• Four-eye butterflyfish(chaetodon capistratus)
• Hawaiian teardrop butterflyfish (chaetodon quadrimaculatus)
• Reef butterflyfish (chaetodon striatus)
• Banded butterflyfish (chaetodon striatus)
• Barracuda (sphryaena barracuda)
• Giant Atlantic seahorse (hippocampus erectus)
8. No establishment may keep or sell artificially coloured fish.
9. No establishment may keep or sell corals.
10. No establishment may keep or sell cyanide-or drug-caught fish.
11. No establishment may keep fish tank animals in excess of the
maximum number permitted for each species per tank.
12. No establishment may keep or sell any species for which it cannot
provide adequate conditions to ensure the health and welfare of that
species. Fish covered with fungus, with sunken bellies, sunken eyes,
clamped or unhealthy fins, laboured breathing (often with gill covers quite
extended), and fish with external blemishes resulting from parasites or
disease, are indications that the fish are unhealthy and/or not properly
cared for.
(ii) Care of Fish Tank Animals:
13. Fish must be introduced into a new tank gradually. Fish should be
placed in a bag with sufficient water to cover them, and be allowed to float
in the new tank for 15 minutes to adjust to the new temperature; small
amounts of water are then be added from the tank to the bag until it is full,
thereafter two thirds of the water in the bag should be removed and the
process repeated, so as to gradually adjust fish to any changes in pH,
hardness, salinity, and other parameters as mentioned in Appendix B.
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14. When a species of fish is placed in a tank, the maximum number of
that species of fish allowed in the tank should be determined as based on
the requirements mentioned in Appendix B and posted in a visible location
on the outside of the tank. If air conditioning is not available, the
population of fish must be less than the maximum prescribed and air
bubbles must be used to improve gas exchange at the water’s surface.
15. Two species of fish may not be placed in the same tank unless they
are compatible. Determination of compatibility must accord with the
approved sources and with compatibility listings of “Y” according to the
chart in Appendix C.
16. Any fish tank animal that is being chased and attacked by other fish
tank animals, or shows signs of having been attacked such as injured fins,
eyes, or scales, must be separated from any potentially aggressive fish.
17. Temperature checks and head counts must be done at least daily,
with any dead fish tank animals removed immediately and any injured or
sick fish tank animals moved to quarantine tanks.
18. Fish tank animals must be fed a diet that fulfills the nutritional
requirements of the species, at a quantity and frequency appropriate for
maintaining health. Fish should be fed a varied diet, and not fed the same
feed with every feeding.
19. An establishment may not permit members of the public to touch, pet,
or hold a fish tank animal. Employees of an establishment may only touch,
pet, or hold a fish tank animal when required for the welfare of that animal,
as when administering medical treatment.
20. An establishment must have medicines on hand for treating common
fish tank animal ailments. Sick fish tank animals must receive treatment.
21. Netting of fish tank animals should always be done using two nets.
22. Fish tank animals may only be euthanised by immersion in any one of
the following solutions, wherein they must be left for at least 10 minutes
following cessation of opercula movement, followed by decapitation or
destruction of the brain so as to ensure consciousness is not regained:
a) MS-222 (tricaine methane sulfonate, also called finquel) at a
concentration of at least 350 ppm(350mg/L should be buffered with
sodium bicarbonate to saturation resulting in a solution pH of 7.0to
7.5.
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b) Benzocaine hydrochloride (not benzocaine) at a concentration of
at least 250mg/L.
c) 2-Phenoxyethanol at a concentration of 0.3 to 0.4mg/L.
23. Live fish must never be flushed down a drain, left to suffocate or
starve, or be placed in a freezer.
IV. ADMINISTRATION
24. Every establishment must keep records of:
• the species of fish tank animals kept in the premises, including
whether the fish tank animal is marine water, freshwater, or
brackish water.
• the number and species of fish tank animals sold and details of the
party to whom the animals are sold.
• the total area of the facility / pet shop, the number and size of tanks
in the premises, and the number and species of fish tank animals
kept in each tank.
• the source from where the fish tank animals were procured.
• the fish tank animals who become sick and the treatment provided.
• the fish tank animals that die or are euthanised, including the date
of death and the cause of death, if known.
• any other animals, besides fish tank animals, kept or sold at the
facility.
25. No establishment may permit the fish tank animals to be left unattended
to for more than half a day at a time.
26. Every establishment must have on hand, an adequate number of people,
and never less than one person, adequately trained in fish keeping, and
familiar with the needs of all fish tank animal species kept in the
establishment, including knowledge of diseases and nutrition. The expert
knowledge requirements for staff are listed in Appendix F.
27. An establishment may not knowingly sell fish tank animals who will be
housed in an inadequate environment, for example, selling incompatible
fish to be housed together, or selling fish along with a fish tank of
inadequate size. All salespersons must be having sufficiently
knowledgeable about the care of the fish tank animals sold and more
particularly the requirements for proper keeping of fish as stated in
Appendix A, B, C and D.
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28. An establishment must provide purchasers with written information on
the proper care of any species of fish tank animal purchased, including but
not limited to appropriate tank size, food, temperature, salinity, pH,
hardness, and compatibility with other individuals of the same species or
with other plants or animals of different species.
V. FISH TANKS
29. The length of a tank must be no less than five times the length of the
longest fish in the tank, calculated at the length of a full-grown adult.
30. Tank water volume must be no less than the minimum listed for each
species as stated in Appendix B and never less than 13 gallons or 60
litres.
31. No establishment may sell spherical-type bowls for keeping fish tank
animals.
32. No establishment may sell tanks with a capacity of less than 13
gallons or 60 litres of water for keeping fish tank animals.
33. Every establishment must ensure that the quality of the water in the
tank is maintained at all times and is within the permitted range of salinity,
pH, hardness and temperature prescribed so as to meet the health and
welfare needs of the fish tank animals. Appendix B gives the list of
requirements for each species of fish with respect to their tank sizes, diet
and compatibility. However, for all fish, tanks should always meet the
following minimum requirements:
For freshwater fish, tanks must have at least one gallon or 4.55
litres of water for every inch or 2.54 cms of total fish length. This
volume refers to the amount of water in the tank and does not
include the volume of rocks, ornaments, or air that may also take
up volume in the tank.
For marine fish, tanks must have at least four gallons or 18 litres
of water for every inch or 2.54 cms of total fish length during the
first four months, and at least two gallons 9 litres of water for every
inch or 2.54 cms of total fish length thereafter. This volume refers to
the amount of water in the tank and does not include the volume of
rocks, ornaments, or air that may also take up volume in the tank.
34. Tanks must have a water surface area of at least:
12 square inches for every inch or 78 sq.cm for every cm of total
fish length, in the case of tropical freshwater fish,
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30 square inch for every inch or 194 sq.cm for every cm of total
fish length, in the case of coldwater freshwater fish,
48 square inches for every inch or 310 sq.cm for every cm of total
fish length, in the case of tropical marine fish.
35. Water oxygenation must remain above 80% oxygenation must be
regularly measured and adjusted when levels fall below 80% by
decreasing stocking density, partly replacing water volume, increasing
aeration, or correcting improperly functioning heater, filter, or airstone.
Fish gasping at the surface and breathing fast are classic signs of
insufficient oxygenation.
36. About 10% of the water in the tank should be replaced
weekly. Regular/ partial replacement of water volume and the use of
devices to create water movement should be used to improve water
quality. Water flow also should be appropriate to enable fishes to swim
correctly and to maintain normal behaviour.
37. Salinity and pH levels must be tested at least weekly and after water
changes. Nitrate levels should be tested at least weekly, and ammonia
and nitrite levels should be tested daily for three days after new fish are
added to a tank, and weekly thereafter.
38. Tanks must be cleaned and vacuumed regularly, at least once a
month and whenever tanks become unclean.
39. Newly manufactured tanks require a conditioning/ depuration period to
flush out solvents before they are filled with water for the fish.
40. Filters should be checked weekly and cleaned or replaced as
necessary. Frothy, cloudy, yellowing, and smelly water are all signs of
deteriorating conditions that should be addressed. The types of filters that
can be used are listed in Appendix E.
41. Tanks must have smooth, inert, sealed interior surfaces. Wood must
not be used as a tank material in contact with system water as it is a
porous material that may contain toxic elements (in particular, pressure
treatment of glue in plywood), is subject to rot, and requires the use of
sealants, which can be toxic. Vinyl tanks are only suitable for temporary
holding as the plasticizers can be toxic and vinyl often contains
contaminants.
42. Tanks must be equipped with a covering, such as tank nets or rigid
covering, which prevents fish tank animals from jumping out of the tank.
The height between the water surface and lid must be such that it
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minimizes the risk of damage to the fish tank animals should they jump.
Lids must allow visual access to the fish tank animals, either by being
transparent or by being removable or partially removable.
43. All warm water aquariums must have an aquarium heater and a
thermometer. All salt water aquariums must have an ultraviolet sterilizer to
reduce the population of free-floating pathogens in the aquarium.
44. Electrical components and equipment must be located outside the
splash zone, unless safely designed to be submersible, and must be
housed in moisture-proof enclosures. Electrical fixtures must be secured
with gaskets to prevent incursion of water, and should be located above
pipe runs.
45. Tank supports must be properly designed, strong, sturdy and durable,
with transfer of weight to the floor structure taken into account, so as to
prevent any danger of catastrophic collapse.
46. A tank may only include the species of plants which are listed in
Appendix D.
47. No tank may contain any metals or materials which can corrode or any
rocks which can change the water chemistry, such as limestone, marble,
dolomite, or calcareous sandstones which make water hard and alkaline.
48. Fish tanks or aquariums may not be placed in the following locations:
• in direct sunlight or near radiators
• in a place where there is always light, or where it is always dark.
• in a place where rainwater can enter the tank.
• in a place of extreme cold or extreme heat.
• in a place where there can be fluctuation of temperatures. For
example near air conditioning units, ventilation units, open fires,
kitchens, cooking areas, windows and doors as all these can cause
drastic changes of temperature in the tanks.
• in a place where there will be constant vibrations from traffic or
movement of large numbers of people.
VI. FACILITIES
49. Aquatic environments should be designed to meet the established
physical and behavioral requirements of the fish tank animals in terms of
shelter, social grouping, overhead cover and lighting.
50. Machinery that produces noise and vibration should be isolated from
areas housing fish tank animals.
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51. Lighting should be appropriate to the species. Lights should be turned
on and off gradually with a dimmer and should be turned off at night.
Incandescent lights give off heat and should therefore be on a schedule of
12 hours on and 12 hours off.
52. A facility must have an emergency contingency capacity, capable of
maintaining aerated and filtered water and assuring the continuation of life
support. Appendix H lists the basic emergency requirements that a facility
should have.
53. A facility must have adequate water supply of suitable quality as well
as adequate filtration within the system to remove suspended solids and
wastes and to ensure that water quality parameters are maintained within
acceptable levels for species-specific requirements. Measures such as a
carbon filtering system of a reverse osmosis system, activated charcoal
(for large volume systems) and sodium thiosulfate (for smaller systems)
are treatments to be used to protect fish from contaminants in the water
supply.
54. If fresh or sea water is drawn from an open body of water or a
municipal source, it must be tested for, and treated to remove,
contaminants and pathogens. A comprehensive analysis of the water
quality parameters (ions, pH, metals, etc) must be provided to the AWBI
for approval before the license is issued to the establishment. Further
testing should be conducted on annual basis.
55. If well water is to be used in a facility, a pressure drop test should be
conducted to ensure that the supply is adequate and reliable and the
water is not depleted of oxygen or having high levels of metal ions, carbon
dioxide, nitrogen, ammonia and other gases, or excessively high or low
alkalinity.
56. Water supply and drain lines to and from the tanks should be secure,
protected from disruption and should consist of hard, permanently fixed
pipes to prevent air locks, fouling, etc. All lines should be prominently
labeled and should be designed to facilitate cleaning by simple, low
technology methods. Pressure gauges and flow meters should be installed
at points throughout the system to monitor the condition of the lines and
the performance of the pumps and filters. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipes
and other materials must meet human drinking water standards and must
be adequately flushed to eliminate acetone, methylethylketones, and
tetrahydrofurans that are released following gluing.
57. The main drains should be over-sized to handle large flow of water.
Gutters should have covers that are flush with the floor and that permit
water to drain quickly. Drains and gutters should be designed to self-clean
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under normal flow, and to permit the use of a cleaning pig’ to remove any
buildup of waste in the lines. Where feasible, drains on all tanks should
have traps and easily accessible clean-out ports.
58. If the effluent from the facility is untreated, it should be discharged in a
location that is remote from the system intake, so as to minimize the
chances of effluent re-circulation in the system. The discharge location
should not have any negative impact on wild aquatic organisms in the
water body.
59. If the effluent is discharged into the municipal sewer it is essential that
potentially noxious materials in the effluents, for example disinfectants, are
diluted to non-toxic concentrations before the effluent is discharged into
the sewer.
60. All compressors providing gases to the system should have devices to
remove moisture, and oil traps to prevent any oil leaks from entering the
fish tanks. Food-grade lubricants should be used as far as possible.
Intakes to compressors should be located such that only clean air is used,
free of engine exhaust, tobacco smoke or other airborne contaminants.
61. A facility should have dedicated separate quarantine areas for the
isolation of new fish and foot and hand cleaning stations with basic
sanitary measures so as to prevent the introduction and spread of aquatic
animal pathogens.
62. All materials used in the construction of facilities including paints,
fiberglass surfaces, insulating materials, aerosols, air ducts and wood
preservatives, should be non-toxic and resistant to corrosion and water
damage. Pipes, fittings, and valves should not contain copper, nickel,
brass, zinc or galvanizing treatments which can result in toxic
concentrations of heavy metals. If any potentially toxic material is required
to be used in construction, including materials which may release ions,
chemicals, or corrosion by-products from their surfaces, approval for the
same should be obtained from the AWBI or approved agency prior to
construction of the facility.
63. All metal and concrete used in construction should be sealed or be
inert. If silicone sealant is used, it must be labeled as being suitable for
use in aquaria and it should be allowed to cure to release any volatile
toxins.
64. Every facility is subject to both announced and unannounced
inspections by the AWBI, no less than twice a year. A list of requirements that
the inspectors may check is listed in Appendix G.
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Appendix A.
It is prohibited to keep or sell the following species:
Common Name Scientific Name
Butterfly Fish:
Copperband Butterfly Chelmon rostratus
Marginalis Butterfly chelmon marginalis
Larvatus Butterfly chaetodon larvatus
Saddle Butterfly chaetodon ehippium
Myer’s Butterfly chaetodon myeri
Pearlscale Butterfly chaetodon xanthurus
Mertensil Butterfly chaetodon mertensii
Falcula Butterfly chaetodon falcula
Black Back Butterfly chaetodon melannotus
Blue Spot Butterfly chaetodon plebius
Blue Stripe Butterfly chaetodon fremblii
Burgessi Butterfly chaetodon burgessi
Dot-Dash Butterfly chaetodon punctatofasciatus
Double Saddly chaetodon ulietensis
Falicifer Butterfly chaetodon falicifer
Foureye Butterfly chaetodon capistratus
Fourspot Butterfly chaetodon quadrimaculatus
Coradion Butterfly coradion altivlis
Goldenstripe Butterfly chaetodon aureofasciatus
Gunther’s Butterfly chaetodon guentheri
Latticed Butterfly chaettodon rafflesi
Lined Butterfly chaetodon lineolatus
Melon Butterfly chaetodon trifasciatus
Mitratus Butterfly chaetodon mitratns
Mulleri Butterfly chelmon mulleri
Ocellated Butterfly parachaetodon ocellatus
Ornate Butterfly chaetodon ornatissimus
Painter Reef Butterfly chaetodon sedentarius
Pakistan Butterfly chaetodon collare
Paucifasciatus chaetodon paucifasciatus
Raccoon Butterfly chaetodon lunula
Rainfordi Butterfly chaetodon rainfordi
Reticulated Butterfly chaetodon reticulates
Semion Butterfly chaetodon semeion
Speculum Butterfly chaetodon speculum
Spot-fin Butterfly chaetodon ocellatus
Spot-Tail Butterfly chaetodon ocellicaudus
Spotted Butterfly chaetodon guttatissimus
Teardrop Butterfly chaetodon unimaculatus
Triangle Butterfly chaetodon baronessa
Truncates Butterfly chelmonops truncates
Yellowhead Butterfly chaetodon xanthocephalus
Yollownose Butterfly chaetodon flavirostrus
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Moorish idol zanclus canescens
Branded butterflyfish chaetodon striatus
Atlantic long-nosed
butterflyfish chaetodon aculeatus
Angel Fish:
Heraldi Angel centropyge heraldi
Flame Angel centropyge loriculus
Lemonpeel Angel centropyge flavissimus
Bicolor Angel centropyge bicolor
Multi-color Angelfish centropyge multicolor
Golden Aangelfish centropyge aurantia
Shepardi Angel centropyge shepardi
Passer Angel holocanthus passer
Rock Beauty Angel holocanthus tricolor
Clarion Angel holocanthus clarionensis
Conspiculatus Angel chaetofontoplus
Conspiculatus apolemichthys
Goldflak Angelfish Xanthopunctatu s
Flagfin Angel apolemichthys trimaculatus
Regal Angelfish Pyogplites diacanthus
Emperor Angelfish Pomacanthus imperator
Filefish and Triggers:
Orange-spot Filefish Oxynonacanthus longirostris
Undulate Triggerfish Balistapus undulates
Queen Triggerfish Balistes vetula
Clownfish, Damsels, Chromis, Pseudochromis:
Red Saddle Clownfish Amphiprion ephippium
Latezonatus Clownfish Amphiprion latezonatus
White Cap Clownfish Amphiprion leucokranos
Maroon Clownfish Premnas biaculeatus
Jewel Damsel Microspathodon chrysurus
Neon Velvet Damsel Paraglyphidodon oxyodan
Garibaldi damselfish Hypsypops rubicundus
Batfish:
Pinnatus Batfish Platax pinnatus
Tiera Batfish Platax tiera
Eels:
Ribbon Eels Rhinomuraena quaesita
Ghost Ribbon Eel Uropterygius concolor
Banded Snake Eel Myrichthys colubrinus
Leopard Snake Eel Myrichthys maculosus
All Other so-called snake Eels
Garden Eel Taenioconger hassi
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Wrasses:
Christmas wrasses Halochoeres species
Anampses wrasses Anampses species
Leopard wrasse Macropharyngodon
Meleagris
All other Macropharyngodon wrasses
Orange-line wrassen Stethojulis balteata
Most Pencil wrasses Hologymnosus species
Laboute Fairy wrasse Cirrhilabrus labouti
All cleaner (labroids and other spesies)wrasses
False Cleaner wrasse Aspidontus taeniatus
Lunare wrasse Thalassoma lunare
Blennies, Dragonettes and Gobies:
Mandarin Dragonette Pterosynchiropus splendidus
Target Dragonette Synchiropus picturatus
Scooter Dragonette Synchiropus species
Parrot Fish:
Parrotfish Scarus species
Parrotfish Cetoscarus species
Parrotfish Cirrhilabrus species
Anthias (Fairy Basslets):
Creole Anthias Paranthias species
Blue Diamond Anthias
Hawaiian Anthias Miroabrichthys bicolor
Purple Queen Anthias Mirolabrichthys tuka
Queen tiger Anthias mirolabrichthys imeldae
Female Squareback pseudanthias pleurataenia
Basslets, Groupers, Grunts (sweetlips):
Clown sweetlips plectorhincus chaetonoides
Macolor Niger Grunt macolor niger
oriental Sweetlips plectorhinchus lineatus
striped Sweetlips plectorhinchus diagrammus
Tangs:
Achilles tang Acanthurus Achilles
Powder Blue Tang Acanthurus teucosternon
Powder Brown Tang Acanthurus japonicus
Clown Tang Acanthurus lineatus
Chevron Tang ctenochaetus hawaiiensis
Shoal Tang Acanthurus shoal
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Lionfish, Anglers and Scorpionfish:
Fu Manchu Lionfish Dendrochirus biocellaus
Zebra Dwarf Lionfish Dendrachirus zebra
Volitan (Peacock)lion Pterois volitans
Antennata Lionfish Pterois antennata
Radiate Lionfish Pterois radiate
Fuzzy Dwarf Lionfish Dendrochirus brachypterus
Sphex Lionfish Pterois sphex
Miles Lionfish Pterois miles
Stonefish Syanceia species
Sculpins Scorpaenopsis species
Leaffish Taenianotus tricanthus
Rhino scorpionfish Rhinopias frondosa
Angler Fish Antennarius species
Threadfin Anglerfish Nemanthias carberryi
Sea Goblins Prionotus carolinus
Seahorses and pipefish:
Seahorses Hippocampus species
Sea Dragon Phycodurus eques
Sea Dragon Phyllopteryx taeniolatus
Pipefish Corythoichthys species
Pipefish Doryrhamphus species
Pipefish Syngnathoides species
Trumpetfish species Aulostomus species
Sharks, skates and Rays;
All sharks, skates and Rays
Remora Echeneis nancrates
Boxfish and Cowfish (Trunk fish):
Blue Boxfish Ostracion melegris (male)
Black Boxfish Ostracion melegris (female)
Scribbled Boxfish Ostracion solorensis (male0
Scribbled Boxfish Ostracion solorenses (female)
Other fish Species:
Shrimp(Razor)fish Seoliscurs strigatus
Pinecone Fish Cleidopus gloriamaris
Pinecone fish Cleidopus japonicus
Flashlight fish Photoblepharon palperbratus
Barracuda Sphyraena barracuda
Cephalopods:
All Octopus species Octopus species
Blue-Ring Octopus Hapalochlaena lunulata
All Squid species loligo and sepioteuthis sp.
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All cuttlefish species sepia and sepioloidea sp.
All Nautilus species Nautilus and Argonauta sp.
Other Invertebrates:
Flower Sea Urchins
Indian Cone snails
Mantis shrimp
Jellyfish
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Appendix B
The following species only may be sold, and must be kept in the
conditions to which they are suited: (UK Gallon – equivalent 4.54 litres)
Gold Fish
Black moor Goldfish (Carassius auratus)
Minimum Pond/Tank Size:30 gallons or 137 litres
Care Level: Easy
Tank Conditions:65-75`F;Ph6.5-7.5;KH4-20
Max. size In Aquarium: Up to 10”
Color form :Black, Iridescent, Orange
Temperament :Peaceful
Diet: Omnivore
Compatibility : View Appendix C
Family: Cyprinidae
The Black Moor Goldfish will do well in a 30 gallon/137 litres or larger tank
with a fine gravel bottom and hardy, cold water plants. Goldfish are diggers and
will scatter the fine sand onto leaves, injuring thin and less hardy plants. Roots
and well-rounded river rocks are recommended.
Oranda Goldfish, Assorted (carrassius auratus)
Minimum Pond/Tank Size:30 gallons or 137 litres
Care Level: Easy
Tank Conditions : 65-75`F;pH6.5-7.5;KH4-20
Max. Size in Aquarium :Up to 8”
Color Form :Black, Blue, Calico, Chocolate, Red, Red and Black, Red and White,
Red Cap
Temperament :Peaceful
Diet: Omnivore
Compatibility: View Appendix C
Family: Cyprinidae
The Oranda will do in a tank of 30 gallons/137 litres of water or more with
a fine gravel bottom and hardly, cold water plants, or backyard garden ponds of
180 gallons/820 litres or more. Goldfish are diggers and will scatter the fine sand
onto leaves, injuring thin and less hardy plants. Roots and will-rounded river
rocks are a good addition to the aquarium.
Crown Pearlscale Goldfish (carassius auratus)
Minimum Pond/Tank Size:70 gallons or 320 litres
Care Level: Easy
17
Tank Conditions:65-75`F;pH6.5-7.5;KH 4-20
Max. Size In Aquarium: Up to 1`12’’
Color Form : Red and white
Temperament: Peaceful
Diet: Omnivore
Compatibility: View Appendix C
Family: cyprinidae
The crown Pearl scale Goldfish will do best in a tank with a fine gravel
bottom and hardy, cold water plants. It is a digger, and will scatter the fine sand
onto leaves, injuring thin and less hardy plants. Roots and well-rounded river
rocks are appreciated.
Sarasa comet (carassius auratus)
Minimum Pond Size: 180 gallons or 820 litres
Care Level: Easy
Tank Conditions; 36-90`F; pH 6.8-7.2;KH 2-12
Max. Size In Aquarium: Up to 1`2”
Color Form: Bright Red, white
Temperament: Peaceful
Diet: Omnivore
Compatibility: View Appendix C
Family: Cyprinidae
The ideal set up for the Sarasa comet is a pond of at least 180 gallons/
820 litres with a gravel substrate, rocks and hearty plants. This fish will grow in
proportion to its surroundings. They like to eat the roots of plants and will dig to
get to them, so provide large rocks around the base of the plants to protect them.
Adequate filtration should be provided in order to maintain proper water
conditions.
Shubunkin (corassius auratus)
Minimum Pond size:180 gallons or 820 litres
Care Level: Easy
Tank Conditions:36-90`F;pH 6.8-7.2; KH 2-12
Max. Size In Aquarium: Up to 1`2”
Color Form : Black, Mottled, Orange, white
Temperament: Peaceful
Diet: Omnivore
Compatibility: View Appendix C
Family: Cyprinidae
The ideal set up for the Shubunkin is a pond of at least 180 gallons or 820
litres of water with a gravel substrate, rocks and hearty plants. This fish will grow
in proportion to the size of its surroundings. They like to eat the roots of plants
and will dig to get to them, so provide large rocks around the base of the plants
18
to protect them. Adequate filtration should be provided in order to maintain
proper water conditions.
Oranda Goldfish, Assorted (carassius auratus)
Minimum Pond/Tank size:30 gallons or 137 litres
Care Level: Easy
Tank Conditions:65-75`F;pH 6.5-7.5; KH 4-20
Max. Size In Aquarium: Up to 8”
Color Form : Black, Blue, Calico, chocolate, red and Black, Red and white, Red
Cap
Temperament: Peaceful
Diet: Omnivore
Compatibility: View Appendix C
Family: Cyprinidae
The Oranda Goldfish is born without any head-growth. The growth begins
to thicken and fold three to four months after hatching. It may take up to two
years for the head-growth to be fully developed and its development is affected
by a number of factors, including the quality of water in which the fish lives and
its diet. A stable, clean tank and a protein-rich diet will enhance the development
of the head-growth.
All Goldfish are members of the carp group and are generally quite hardy.
The oranda will do well in a tank of 30 gallons or 137 litres of water or more with
a fine gravel bottom and hardy, cold water plants, or backyard garden ponds of
180 gallons or more. Goldfish are diggers and will scatter the fine sand onto
leaves, injuring thin and less hardy plants. Roots and well-rounded river rocks
are a good addition to the aquarium.
Telescope Goldfish, Assorted (corassius auratus)
Minimum Pond/Tank Size:30 gallons or 137 litres
Care Level: Easy
Tank Conditions : 65-75`F;pH 6.5-7.5;KH4-20
Max. Size in Aquarium :Up to 8”
Color Form :calico, Mottled, Red, and Black, Red and White
Temperament :Peaceful
Diet: Omnivore
Compatibility: View Appendix C
Family: Cyprinidae
All goldfish are members of the carp group and are generally quite hardy.
The telescope Goldfish will do well in a 30 gallon / 137 litres or larger tank with a
fine gravel bottom and hardy, cold water plants. Goldfish are diggers and will
scatter the fine sand onto leaves, injuring thin and less hardy plants. Roots and
well-rounded river rocks are a good addition to the aquarium.
19
Angels
Black Veil Angel (pterophyllum sp.)
Minimum Tank size: 30 gallons or 137 litres
Care Level: Moderate
Tank Conditions:75-82`F;pH 5.8-7.0; KH 1-5
Max. Size In Aquarium: Up to 6”
Color Form : Black
Temperament: semi-aggressive
Diet: Omnivore
Compatibility: View Appendix C
Family: Cichlidae
It prefers a well-planted tank of at least 30 gallons/137 litres with soft,
slightly acidic water. Rooks and driftwood can be added to the aquarium, but
leave plenty of space for swimming.
Koi Angel (Pterophyllum sp.)
Minimum Tank size: 30 gallons or 137 litres
Care Level: Moderate
Tank Conditions:75-82`F;pH 5.8-7.0; KH 1-5
Max. Size In Aquarium: Up to 6”
Color Form : Black, white
Temperament: semi-aggressive
Diet: Omnivore
Compatibility: View Appendix C
Family: Cichlidae
It prefers a well-planted aquarium of at least 30 gallons/137 litres with soft,
slightly acidic water. Rocks and driftwood can be added to the aquarium, but
leave plenty of space for swimming.
Marble Veil Angel (Pterophyllum sp.)
Minimum Tank size: 30 gallons or 137 litres
Care Level: Moderate
Tank Conditions:75-82`F;pH 5.8-7.0; KH 1-5
Max. Size In Aquarium: Up to 6”
Color Form : Black, white, yellow
Temperament: semi-aggressive
Diet: Omnivore
Compatibility: View Appendix C
Family: Cichlidae
It prefers a well-planted tank of at least 30 gallons / 137 litres with soft,
slightly acidic water. Rocks and driftwood can be added to the aquarium, but
leave plenty of space for swimming.
20
Silver Zebra Angel (Pterophyllum sp.)
Minimum Tank size: 30 gallons or 137 litres
Care Level: Easy
Tank Conditions:75-82`F;pH 5.8-7.0; KH 1-5
Max. Size In Aquarium: Up to 6”
Color Form : Black, Brown, Silver
Temperament: semi-aggressive
Diet: Omnivore
Compatibility: View Appendix C
Family: Cichlidae
It prefers a well-planted aquarium of at least 30 gallons / 137 litres with
soft, slightly acidic water. Rocks and driftwood can be added to the aquarium, but
leave plenty of space for swimming.
Black Angel (pterophyllum sp.)
Minimum Tank size: 30 gallons or 137 litres
Care Level: Moderate
Tank Conditions:75-82`F;pH 5.8-7.0; KH 1-5
Max. Size In Aquarium: Up to 6”
Color Form : Black
Temperament: semi-aggressive
Diet: Omnivore
Compatibility: View Appendix C
Family: Cichlidae
It prefers a well-planted aquarium of at least 30 gallons / 137 litres with
soft, slightly acidic water. Rocks and driftwood can be added to the aquarium, but
leave plenty of space for swimming.
White Blushing Angel (pterophyllum sp.)
Black Angel (pterophyllum sp.)
Minimum Tank size: 30 gallons or 137 litres
Care Level: Moderate
Tank Conditions:75-82`F;pH 5.8-7.0; KH 1-5
Max. Size In Aquarium: Up to 6”
Color Form : White, yellow
Temperament: semi-aggressive
Diet: Omnivore
Compatibility: View Appendix C
Family: Cichlidae
It prefers a well-planted aquarium of at least 30 gallons / 137 litres with
soft, slightly acidic water. Rocks and driftwood can be added to the aquarium, but
leave plenty of space for swimming.
21
Somkey leopard veil Angel (pterophyllum sp.)
Minimum Tank size: 30 gallons or 137 litres
Care Level: Moderate
Tank Conditions:75-82`F;pH 5.8-7.0; KH 1-5
Max. Size In Aquarium: Up to 6”
Color Form : Black, Gray, Silve
Temperament: semi-aggressive
Diet: Omnivore
Compatibility: View Appendix C
Family: Cichlidae
It prefers a well-planted aquarium of at least 30 gallons / 137 litres with
soft, slightly acidic water. Rocks and driftwood can be added to the aquarium, but
leave plenty of space for swimming.
Assorted Veil Angel (Pterophyllum sp.)
Minimum Tank size: 30 gallons or 137 litres
Care Level: Moderate
Tank Conditions:75-82`F;pH 5.8-7.0; KH 1-5
Max. Size In Aquarium: Up to 6”
Color Form : Gold, Iridescent, silver, tan
Temperament: semi-aggressive
Diet: Omnivore
Compatibility: View Appendix C
Family: Cichlidae
These fish prefer a well-planted tank of at least 30 gallons / 137 litres with
soft, slightly acidic water. Rocks and driftwood can be added to the aquarium, but
leave plenty of space for swimming.
Albino Angel (Pterophyllum sp.)
Minimum Tank size: 30 gallons or 137 litres
Care Level: Moderate
Tank Conditions:75-82`F;pH 5.8-7.0; KH 1-5
Max. Size In Aquarium: Up to 6”
Color Form : Silver, white
Temperament: semi-aggressive
Diet: Omnivore
Compatibility: View Appendix C
Family: Cichlidae
It prefers a well-planted aquarium of at least 30 gallons / 137 litres with
soft, slightly acidic water. Rocks and driftwood can be added to the aquarium, but
leave plenty of space for swimming.
22
Mollies
Black Sailfin Molly
(Poecilia latipinna)
Minimum Tank size: 30 gallons or 137 litres
Care Level: Difficult
Tank Conditions:75-82`F;pH 7.5-8.5; KH 10-25
Max. Size In Aquarium: Up to 6 1/2”
Color Form : Black
Temperament: Peaceful
Diet: Omnivore
Compatibility: View Appendix C
Family: Poeciliidae
The Black sailfin Molly requires a tank of at least 30 gallons / 137 litres
with algae and plenty of room to swim. The tall dorsal fin of the male will not
develop if adequate room is not provided for him to swim. This species should
only share a tank with other peaceful fish that prefer hard water with elevated salt
levels.
Black Lyretail Molly
(Poecilia latipinna)
Minimum Tank size: 30 gallons or 137 litres
Care Level: Moderate
Tank Conditions:68-82`F;pH 7.0-7.8; KH 10-25
Max. Size In Aquarium: Up to 5”
Color Form : Black
Temperament: Peaceful
Diet: Omnivore
Compatibility: View Appendix C
Family: Poeciliidae
The Black Lyretail molly prefers a tank of at least 30 gallons / 137 litres
with plenty of strong plants such as Java Fern, Sagittaria, Vallisneria, and
Anubias. They require a good filtration system because of their hearty appetites
and resulting waste products. The Black Lyretail Molly is well suited for the
community tank because of its peaceful nature, and is compatible with other
peaceful, large fish that can withstand similar water conditions.
Dalmatian Molly (Poecilia latipinna)
Minimum Tank size: 30 gallons or 137 litres
Care Level: Moderate
Tank Conditions:68-82`F;pH 7.0-7.8; KH 10-25
Max. Size In Aquarium: Up to 4 3/4”
Color Form : Black and white, Mottled
Temperament: Peaceful
23
Diet: Omnivore
Compatibility: View Appendix C
Family: Poeciliidae
The Dalmatian Molly prefers a tank of at least 30 gallons or 137 litres,
densely planted with plenty of strong plants such as Java fern, Sagittaria,
vallisneria and Anubias. They require a good filtration system because of their
hearty appetites. The Dalmatian Molly is well suited for the community tank
because of its peaceful nature, and is compatible with other peaceful, large fish
that can withstand hard water. They may pursue their young and the young of the
other fish.
Platinum Lyretail Molly (Poecilia velifera)
Minimum Tank size: 30 gallons or 137 litres
Care Level: Easy
Tank Conditions:75-82`F;pH 7.5-8.5; KH 10-25
Max. Size In Auarium: Up to 6=1/2”
Color Form : Gold, platinum
Temperament: Peaceful
Diet: Omnivore
Compatibility: View Appendix C
Family: Poeciliidae
The platinum Lyretail Molly requires a tank of at least 30 gallons / 137
litres with algae and plenty of room to swim. The tall dorsal fin of the male will not
develop if adequate room is not provided for him to swim. This species should
only share a tank with other peaceful fish that prefer hard water with elevated salt
levels.
Balloon Molly (Poecilia latipinna)
Minimum Tank size: 30 gallons or 137 litres
Care Level: Moderate
Tank Conditions:68-82`F;pH 7.0-7.8; KH 10-25
Max. Size In Aquarium: Up to 4=3/4”
Color Form : Black , white, yellow
Temperament: Peaceful
Diet: Omnivore
Compatibility: View Appendix C
Family: Poeciliidae
The Balloon Molly prefers a tank of at least 30 gallons / 137 litres with lots
of strong plants such as Java fern, sagittaria, Vallisneria and Anubias. They
require a good filtration system because of their hearty appetites. The balloon
Molly is well suited for the community tank because of its peaceful nature, and is
compatible with other peaceful, large fish that can withstand similar water
conditions. They may pursue their young and the young of other fish.
24
Black Molly (poecilia latipinna)
Minimum Tank size: 30 gallons or 137 litres
Care Level: Moderate
Tank Conditions:68-82`F;pH 7.0-7.8; KH 10-25
Max. Size In Auarium: Up to 3”
Color Form : Black
Temperament: Peaceful
Diet: Omnivore
Compatibility: View Appendix C
Family: Poeciliidae
The Black Molly prefers a tank of at least 30 gallons / 137 litres with plenty
of strong plants such as Java Fern, sagittaria, vallisneria, and Anubias. They
require a good filtration system because of their hearty appetites and resulting
waste products. The black Molly is well suited for the community tank because of
its peaceful nature, and is compatible with other peaceful, large fish that can
withstand similar water conditions.
Guppies
Red Fire Guppy (Poecilia reticulata)
Minimum Tank size: 20 gallons or 90 litres
Care Level: Easy
Tank Conditions:64-82`F;pH 5.5-8.0; KH 10-30
Max. Size In Auarium: Up to 2”
Color Form : Gray, Red, Silver, yellow
Temperament: Peaceful
Diet: Omnivore
Compatibility: View Appendix C
Family: Poeciliidae
The Red Fire Guppy requires a tank with at least 20 gallons / 90 litres of
water, and is very tolerant of changing tank conditions. Plants should be hardy
varieties such as Java Fern and Java Moss that can handle the increased
hardness in the tank. Other peaceful fish would make good tank mates.
Green Cobra Guppy (Poecilia reticulata)
Minimum Tank size: 20 gallons or 90 litres
Care Level: Easy
Tank Conditions:64-82`F;pH 5.5-8.0; KH 10-30
Max. Size In Aquarium: Up to 2”
Color Form : Bright Green, Gray, Yellow
Temperament: Peaceful
Diet: Omnivore
Compatibility: View Appendix C
Family: Poeciliidae
25
The Green Cobra Guppy requires a tank with at least 20 gallons / 90 litres
of water, and is very tolerant of changing tank conditions. Plants should be hardy
varieties such as Java Fern and Java Moss that can handle the increased
hardness in the tank. Other peaceful fish would make good tank mates.
Lemon Cobra Guppy (Poecilia reticulata)
Minimum Tank size: 20 gallons or 90 litres
Care Level: Easy
Tank Conditions:64-82`F;pH 5.5-8.0; KH 10-30
Max. Size In Aquarium: Up to 2=1/2”
Color Form : Blue-Green, Gray, Metallic Blue, Metallic Green, Yellow
Temperament: Peaceful
Diet: Omnivore
Compatibility: View Appendix C
Family: Poeciliidae
The Lemon Cobra Guppy requires a tank with at least 20 gallons / 90 litres
of water, and is very tolerant of changing tank conditions. Plants should be hardy
varieties such as Java Fern and java Moss that can handle the increased
hardness in the tank. Other peaceful fish would make good thank mates.
Neon Blue Tux Guppy (Poecilia reticulata)
Minimum Tank size: 20 gallons or 90 litres
Care Level: Easy
Tank Conditions:64-82`F;pH 5.5-8.0; KH 10-30
Max. Size In Aquarium: Up to 2=1/2”
Color Form : Blue, iridescent, Mustard yellow, Neon Blue, pinkish purple
Temperament: Peaceful
Diet: Omnivore
Compatibility: View Appendix C
Family: Poeciliidae
The Neon Blue Tux Guppy requires a tank with at least 20 gallons / 90
litres water, and is vary tolerant of changing tank conditions. Plants should be
hardy varieties such as Java Fern and Java Moss that can handle the increased
hardness in the tank. Other peaceful fish would make good tank mates.
Blonde Tux Guppy (Poecilia reticulata)
Minimum Tank size: 20 gallons or 90 litres
Care Level: Easy
Tank Conditions:64-82`F;pH 5.5-8.0; KH 10-30
Max. Size In Aquarium: Up to 2=1/2”
Color Form : Black, Gray, orange, orange tip, yellow
Temperament: Peaceful
Diet: Omnivore
26
Compatibility: View Appendix C
Family: Poeciliidae
The Blonde Tux Guppy requires a tank with at least 20 gallons / 90 litres
water, and is vary tolerant of changing tank conditions. Plants should be hardy
varieties such as Java Fern and Java Moss that can handle the increased
hardness in the tank. Other peaceful fish would make good tank mates.
Yellow Tux Guppy (Poecilia reticulata)
Minimum Tank size: 20 gallons or 90 litres
Care Level: Easy
Tank Conditions:64-82`F;pH 5.5-8.0; KH 10-30
Max. Size In Aquarium: Up to 2=1/2”
Color Form : Black, Blue, Gray, orange, orange tip, yellow
Temperament: Peaceful
Diet: Omnivore
Compatibility: View Appendix C
Family: Poeciliidae
The Yellow Tux Guppy requires a tank with at least 20 gallons / 90 litres
water, and is vary tolerant of changing tank conditions. Plants should be hardy
varieties such as Java Fern and Java Moss that can handle the increased
hardness in the tank. Other peaceful fish would make good tank mates.
Blue Cobra Guppy (Poecilia reticulata)
Minimum Tank size: 20 gallons or 90 litres
Care Level: Easy
Tank Conditions:64-82`F;pH 5.5-8.0; KH 10-30
Max. Size In Aquarium: Up to 2=1/2”
Color Form : Black, Blue, orange,
Temperament: Peaceful
Diet: Omnivore
Compatibility: View Appendix C
Family: Poeciliidae
The Blue Cobra Guppy requires a tank with at least 20 gallons / 90 litres
water, and is vary tolerant of changing tank conditions. Plants should be hardy
varieties such as Java Fern and Java Moss that can handle the increased
hardness in the tank. Other peaceful fish would make good tank mates.
PLATIES
Assorted Platy (Xiphophorus maculatus)
Minimum Tank size: 10 gallons or 45 litres
Care Level: Easy
Tank Conditions:64-77`F;pH 7.0-8.2; KH 10-25
27
Max. Size In Aquarium: Up to 2”
Color Form : orange, Red, Various Colorations
Temperament: Peaceful
Diet: Omnivore
Compatibility: View Appendix C
Family: Poeciliidae
The Platy requires a tank of at least 10 gallons / 45 litres that is densely
planted with hardy plants like Java Fern and Java Moss. They are very peaceful
fish and make an excellent addition to the community tank. Any other peaceful
fish can be housed with them.
SWORDTAILS
Assorted Swordtail (Xiphophorus helleri)
Minimum Tank size: 20 gallons or 90 litres
Care Level: Easy
Tank Conditions:64-82`F;pH 7.0-8.3; KH 12-30
Max. Size In Aquarium: Up to 4”
Color Form : Black Nubian, Marigold, Neons, pineapple, Red Velvet, Red wag
Temperament: Peaceful
Diet: Omnivore
Compatibility: View Appendix C
Family: Poeciliidae
Swordtails require a tank of at least 20 gallons or 90 litres that is wellplanted
with plenty of room for swimming. Because of their peaceful nature,
Swordtails are well suited for the community aquarium, although they will
sometimes eat fry. Males can be aggressive toward one another so care should
be taken when housing more than one.
TETRAS
Cardinal Tetra (Paracheirodon axelrodi)
Minimum Tank size: 10 gallon or 45 litres
Care Level: Moderate
Tank Conditions:73-81`F;pH 5.5-7.5; KH 2-6
Max. Size In Aquarium: Up to 2”
Color Form : Neon Blue, Red
Temperament: Peaceful
Diet: Omnivore
Compatibility: View Appendix C
Family: Characidae
The ideal set-up is an aquarium of at least 10 gallons or 45 litres, and
should be densely planted with plenty of low light areas. The cardinal Tetra does
28
best in soft water with an acidic pH. Stock these fish in groups of six or more and
provide tank mates that are peaceful and do not pose a threat to the cardinal
Tetra.
Neon Tetra Jumbo (Paracheirodon innesi)
Minimum Tank size: 10 gallons or 45 litres
Care Level: Easy
Tank Conditions:68-74`F;pH 5.0-7.0; KH 1.0-2.0
Max. Size In Aquarium: Up to 2”
Color Form : Neon Blue, Red, Turquoise
Temperament: Peaceful
Diet: Omnivore
Compatibility: View Appendix C
Family: Characidae
Neon Tetras add beauty to a planted aquarium; the plants in turn will
provide plenty of hiding places and security for the fish. Rocks and driftwood also
help to mirror its natural habitat. The Neon Tetra thrives in slightly acidic water
and will do best when water parameters are kept constant.
True Rummynose Tetra (Hemigrammus rhodostomus)
Minimum Tank size: 10 gallons or 45 litres
Care Level: Easy
Tank Conditions:72-77`F;pH 5.5-7.0; KH 10-12
Max. Size In Aquarium: Up to 2”
Color Form : Red, silver,
Temperament: Peaceful
Diet: Omnivore
Compatibility: View Appendix C
Family: Characidae
The Rummy-Nose Tetra can be housed in a community aquarium. Plants,
rocks, and driftwood help to enhance its natural habitat and provide hiding
spaces. The Rummy-Nose Tetra is a peaceful fish that the beginner to the expert
aquarist would benefit from having.
Glowlight Tetra (Hemigrammus erythrozonus)
Minimum Tank size: 10 gallons or 45 litres
Care Level: Easy
Tank Conditions:72-77`F;pH 5.5-7.0; KH 10-12
Max. Size In Aquarium: Up to 2”
Color Form : Bright Red, Transparent,
Temperament: Peaceful
Diet: Omnivore
Compatibility: View Appendix C
Family: Characidae
29
Glowlight Tetras add beauty to a planted aquarium; the plants, in turn, will
provide hiding places for the fish. Rocks and driftwood also help to mirror its
natural habitat. It thrives in slightly acidic water and will do best when water
parameters are kept constant. The Glowlight Tetras are a schooling fish and will
do best if kept in odd numbers of 5 or more.
Silver Tip Tetra (Hasemania nana )
Minimum Tank size: 10 gallons or 45 litres
Care Level: Easy
Tank Conditions:64-82`F;pH 5.8-8.5; KH 4-20
Max. Size In Aquarium: Up to 2”
Color Form : Black, Gold
Temperament: Peaceful
Diet: Omnivore
Compatibility: View Appendix C
Family: Characidae
The Silver Tip Tetra can be housed in a aquarium with other soft water
fish. Tetras are a schooling fish that work well in groups of six or more fish of the
same species. Live plants, rocks and driftwood help to enhance its natural habitat
and provide hiding spaces.
Black Neon Tetra (Hyphessobrycon herbertaxelrodi)
Minimum Tank size: 10 gallons or 45 litres
Care Level: Easy
Tank Conditions:72-77`F;pH 5.5-7.0; KH 10-12
Max. Size In Aquarium: Up to 1=1/2”
Color Form : Black, Yellow/Green
Temperament: Peaceful
Diet: Omnivore
Compatibility: View Appendix C
Family: Characidae
Black Neon Tetras add beauty to a planted aquarium; the plants, in turn,
will provide hiding places for the fish. Rocks and driftwood also help to mirror its
natural habitat. It thrives in slightly acidic water and will do best when water
parameters are kept constant. The Neon Tetras are a schooling fish and will do
best if kept in odd numbers of 5 or more.
Green Fire Tetra (Aphyocharax rathbuni)
Minimum Tank size: 10 gallons or 45 litres
Care Level: Moderate
Tank Conditions:72-80`F;pH 6.6-7.0; KH 12-18
Max. Size In Aquarium: Up to 2”
Color Form :Green, Orange, Yellow
30
Temperament: Peaceful
Diet: Omnivore
Compatibility: View Appendix C
Family: Characidae
In at least a 10-gallon or 45 litres aquarium, plants, rocks, and some
driftwood should be used to give this species hiding places and security. They
require a steady slightly acidic pH and constant temperature. They are mid-level
swimming fish so latter plants are ideal.
Royal Black Emperor Tetra (Nematobrycon palmeri)
Minimum Tank size: 20 gallons or 90 litres
Care Level: Easy
Tank Conditions: 73-79`F; pH 5.0-8.0; KH 5.0-19.0
Max. Size In Aquarium: Up to 2”
Color Form : Black, purple,
Temperament: Peaceful
Diet: Omnivore
Compatibility: View Appendix C
Family: Characidae
The Royal Black Emperor Tetra can be housed in a community aquarium
with soft or brackish water. Plants, rocks, and driftwood help to enhance its
natural habitat and provide hiding places. A group of at least six are
recommended as they are schooling fish all will do best kept in groups.
Purple Emperor Tetra (Impachthys kerri )
Minimum Tank size: 10 gallons or 45 litres
Care Level: Moderate
Tank Conditions:72-77`F;pH 6.0-8.0; KH 5.0-12.0
Max. Size In Aquarium: Up to 1=1/2”
Color Form : Purple, Turquoise,
Temperament: Peaceful
Diet: Omnivore
Compatibility: View Appendix C
Family: Characidae
The Purple Emperor Tetra can be in a housed with soft water fish to
brackish water fish. Plants, rocks, and driftwood help to enhance its natural
habitat and provide hiding places.
Head and Tail Light Tetra (Hemigrammus ocellifer)
Minimum Tank size: 10 gallons or 45 litres
Care Level: Easy
Tank Conditions:64-82`F;pH 5.8-8.5; KH 4-20
Max. Size In Aquarium: Up to 2”
31
Color Form : Gold, Pink, silver
Temperament: Peaceful
Diet: Omnivore
Compatibility: View Appendix C
Family: Characidae
The Head and Tail Light Tetra can be housed in an aquarium with other
soft water fish. Tetras are a schooling fish that work well in groups of six or more
fish of the same species. Live plants, rocks, and driftwood help to enhance its
natural habitat and provide hiding spaces.
Gold Neon Tetra (Paracheirodon innesi)
Minimum Tank size: 10 gallons or 45 litres
Care Level: Easy
Tank Conditions:72-77`F;pH 5.5-7.0; KH 10-12
Max. Size In Aquarium: Up to 1=1/2”
Color Form : Gold, Red, Turquoise,
Temperament: Peaceful
Diet: Omnivore
Compatibility: View Appendix C
Family: Characidae
Gold Neon Tetras add beauty to a planted aquarium; the plants, in turn,
will provide hiding places for the fish. Rocks and driftwood also help to mirror its
natural habitat. It thrives in slightly acidic water and will do best when water
parameters are kept constant.
Black Skirt Tetra (Gymnocorymbus sp.)
Minimum Tank size: 20 gallons or 90 litres
Care Level: Moderate
Tank Conditions:72-82`F;pH 6.0-7.0; KH 10-12
Max. Size In Aquarium: Up to 2=1/2”
Color Form : Black, sliver
Temperament: Peaceful
Diet: Omnivore
Compatibility: View Appendix C
Family: Characidae
Hiding spaces such as rocks, plants, and driftwood are recommended to
give this fish a sense of security. Taller plants should be used to coincide with its
mid-level swimming habits along with plenty of rock formed cave structures.
Penguin Tetra (Thayeria boehlkei )
Minimum Tank size: 20 gallons or 90 litres
Care Level: Easy
Tank Conditions:64-82`F;pH 5.8-8.5; KH 4-20
32
Max. Size In Aquarium: Up to 3”
Color Form : Gold, Pale, white,
Temperament: Peaceful
Diet: Omnivore
Compatibility: View Appendix C
Family: Characidae
The Penguin Tetra can be housed in an aquarium with other soft water
fish. Tetras are a schooling fish that work well in groups of six more fish of the
same species. Live plants, rocks and driftwood help to enhance its natural habitat
and provide hiding spaces.
Black Phantom Tetra (Megalamphodus megalopterus)
Minimum Tank size: 20 gallons or 90 litres
Care Level: Moderate
Tank Conditions:72-82`F;pH 6.0-7.5; KH 12-18
Max. Size In Aquarium: Up to 2”
Color Form : Black, Gray
Temperament: Peaceful
Diet: Omnivore
Compatibility: View Appendix C
Family: Characidae
Hiding spaces such as rocks, plants, and driftwood are recommended to
give this fish a sense of security. Taller plants should be used to coincide with its
mid-level swimming habits along with plenty of rock formed cave structures.
Congo Tetra (Phenacogrammus interruptus)
Minimum Tank size: 30 gallons or 137 litres
Care Level: Easy
Tank Conditions:75-81`F;pH 6.0-6.2; KH 4-8
Max. Size In Aquarium: Up to 3”
Color Form : Gold, Orange, silver
Temperament: Peaceful
Diet: Omnivore
Compatibility: View Appendix C
Family: Characidae
Congo Tetras do well in a peaceful community aquarium that is well lit and
moderately planted. They prefer to swim in schools of 5-8 in an aquarium that
has plenty of room. It is best if this fish is the dominant species in the tank or it
may become shy and reclusive.
Albino Buenos Aires Tetra (Hemigrammus caudovittatus)
Minimum Tank size: 10 gallons or 45 litres
Care Level: Easy
33
Tank Conditions:64-82`F;pH 5.8-8.5; KH 4-20
Max. Size In Aquarium: Up to 2=1/2”
Color Form : pale, silver
Temperament: Peaceful
Diet: Omnivore
Compatibility: View Appendix C
Family: Characidae
The Buenos Aires Tetra can be housed in a aquarium with other soft water
fish. Tetras are a schooling fish that work well in groups of six or more fish of the
same species. Artificial plants, rocks and driftwood help to enhance its natural
habitat and provide hiding spaces.
Diamond Tetra (Moenkausia pittieri)
Minimum Tank size: 20 gallons or 90 litres
Care Level: Moderate
Tank Conditions:75-82`F;pH 6.0-7.5; KH 4-6
Max. Size In Aquarium: Up to 2”
Color Form : orange, silver
Temperament: Peaceful
Diet: Omnivore
Compatibility: View Appendix C
Family: Characidae
These Tetras prefer a heavily planted tank and softer water on the acidic
side. They are ideal fish to put in a community tank and prefer to school with an
odd number of at least 3 Diamond Tetras, making them an attractive addition to
your home aquarium.
Red Tail Mirror Blue Tetra (Hyphessobrycon sp.)
Minimum Tank size: 20 gallons or 90 litres
Care Level: Easy
Tank Conditions:75-82`F;pH 6.0-6.5; KH 4-8
Max. Size In Aquarium: Up to 2=1/2”
Color Form : Blue, Red, Turquoise
Temperament: Peaceful
Diet: Omnivore
Compatibility: View Appendix C
Family: Characidae
A planted aquarium of at least 20 gallons / 90 litres will be the ideal
environment for the Red Tail Mirror Tetra. Rocks and driftwood help mirror its
natural habitat and will help to reduce stress on this fish. This species does best
with soft slightly acidic water with high filtration.
34
Blue Peacock Cichlid (Aulonocara nyassae)
Minimum Tank size: 50 gallons or 230 litres
Care Level: Easy
Tank Conditions:72-82`F;pH 7.8-8.5; KH 10-15
Max. Size In Aquarium: Up to 6”
Color Form : Brown, Gray, Metallic Blue
Temperament: semi-aggressive
Diet: Omnivore
Compatibility: View Appendix C
Origin: Farm Raised, USA
Family: Cichlidae
The Blue Peacock Cichlid does well in an aquarium that is at least 50
gallons with plenty of rocks for territories and a sandy bottom. The males are
usually only aggressive towards their own species unless their territory is invaded
upon. Provide a ratio of 3 to 4 females to one male.
Blue Johanni Cichlid (Melanochromis johanni)
Minimum Tank size: 50 gallons or 230 litres
Care Level: Easy
Tank Conditions:72-82`F;pH 8.0-9.5; KH 9-19
Max. Size In Aquarium: Up to 4=1/2”
Color Form : Black, Blue, Gold, Gray,
Temperament: Aggressive
Diet: Herbivore
Compatibility: View Appendix C
Family: Cichlidae
A large aquarium with plenty of caves and hiding places is ideal for these
fish. An aragonite-based substrate is recommended in order to maintain the
necessary high pH and alkalinity.
Fuelleborni Cichlid, Orange Blossom (Labeotropheus fuelleborni)
Minimum Tank size: 50 gallons or 230 litres
Care Level: Easy
Tank Conditions:72-82`F;pH 7.8-8.5; KH 10-18
Max. Size In Aquarium: Up to 5”
Color Form : Black, Blue, Orange
Temperament: Aggressive
Diet: Omnivore
Compatibility: View Appendix C
Family: Cichlidae
Provide the Fuelleborni Cichlid with an aquarium of at least 50 gallons with
a sandy substrate and plenty of stacked rocks. They are aggressive by nature
35
and are very territorial, so provide ample caves within the rockwork to reduce this
aggression.
DISCUS
Uaru Cichlid (uaru amphiacanthoides)
Minimum Tank size: 70 gallons or 320 litres
Care Level: Moderate
Tank Conditions:72-83`F;pH 5.0-7.0; KH 2-5
Max. Size In Aquarium: Up to 10”
Color Form : Black, Brown, Green, Silver
Temperament: Semi-aggressive
Diet: Omnivore
Compatibility: View Appendix C
Family: Cichlidae
The Uaru Cichlid requires a minimum aquarium size of 70 gallons / 320
litres or more with a fine gravel bottom. Plenty of rocks, driftwood and even
flowerpots are recommended for hiding. They are a peaceful fish that is territorial
and rarely aggressive, except during spawning. It can easily be kept with other
medium-sized cichlids such as Convicts, Firemouths, and Parrots.
Pigeon Blood Discus (Symphysodon spp.)
Minimum Tank size: 50 gallons or 230 litres
Care Level: Moderate
Tank Conditions:79-86`F;pH 6.1-7.5; KH 1-3
Max. Size In Aquarium: Up to 8”
Color Form :Brown, Orange, Turquoise, white,
Temperament: Peaceful
Diet: Carnivore
Compatibility: View Appendix C
Family: Cichlidae
The Pigeon Blood Discus requires an advanced level of care due to its
feeding habits and water filtration requirements. Territorial during spawning, this
otherwise peaceful fish is among the schooling group, forming a well-defined
nuclear family.
Red Turquoise Discus (Symphysodon spp.)
Minimum Tank size: 50 gallons or 230 litres
Care Level: Moderate
Tank Conditions:79-86`F;pH 6.1-7.5; KH 1-3
Max. Size In Aquarium: Up to 8”
Color Form : Red, Turquoise,
Temperament: Peaceful
Diet: Carnivore
36
Compatibility: View Appendix C
Family: Cichlidae
The Red Turquoise Discus requires an advanced level of care due to its
feeding habits and water filtration requirements. Territorial during spawning, this
otherwise peaceful fish is among the schooling group, forming a well-defined
nuclear family.
Largely carnivorous, symphysodon aequifasciata prefer freeze-dried
bloodworms and tubifex, pellet food designed for Discus, high-quality flake food,
and meaty frozen foods.
Red Marlboro Discus (Symphysodon sp.)
Minimum Tank size: 50 gallons or 230 litres
Care Level: Moderate
Tank Conditions:79-86`F;pH 6.1-7.5; KH 1-3
Max. Size In Aquarium: Up to 8”
Color Form : Red, Yellow,
Temperament: Peaceful
Diet: Carnivore
Compatibility: View Appendix C
Family: Cichlidae
The Red Marlboro Discus requires an advanced level of care due to its
feeding habits and water filtration requirements. Territorial during spawning, this
otherwise peaceful fish is among the schooling group, forming a well-defined
nuclear family.
Neon Blue Discus (Symphysodon spp.)
Minimum Tank size: 50 gallons 230 litres
Care Level: Moderate
Tank Conditions:79-86`F;pH 6.1-7.5; KH 1-3
Max. Size In Aquarium: Up to 8”
Color Form : Neon Blue, Red
Temperament: Peaceful
Diet: Carnivore
Compatibility: View Appendix C
Family: Cichlidae
The Neon Blue Discus requires an advanced level of care due to its
feeding habits and water filtration requirements. Territorial during spawning, this
otherwise peaceful fish is among the schooling group, forming a well-defined
nuclear family.
Ocean Green Discus (Symphysodon sp.)
Minimum Tank size: 50 gallons or 230 litres
Care Level: Moderate
37
Tank Conditions:79-86`F;pH 6.1-7.5; KH 1-3
Max. Size In Aquarium: Up to 8”
Color Form : Bright, Green,
Temperament: Peaceful
Diet: Carnivore
Compatibility: View Appendix C
Family: Cichlidae
The ocean Green Discus requires an advanced level of care due to its
feeding habits and water filtration requirements. Territorial during spawning, this
otherwise peaceful fish is among the schooling group, forming a well-defined
nuclear family.
Snakeskin Discus (Symphysodon spp.)
Minimum Tank size: 50 gallons or 230 litres
Care Level: Moderate
Tank Conditions:79-86`F;pH 6.1-7.5; KH 1-3
Max. Size In Aquarium: Up to 8”
Color Form : Blue, Pale
Temperament: Peaceful
Diet: Carnivore
Compatibility: View Appendix C
Family: Cichlidae
The snakeskin Discus requires an advanced level of care due to its feeing
habits and water filtration requirements. Territorial during spawning, this
otherwise peaceful fish is among the schooling group, forming a well-defined
nuclear family.
Yellow Marlboro Discus (Symphysodon sp.)
Minimum Tank size: 50 gallons or 230 litres
Care Level: Moderate
Tank Conditions:79-86`F;pH 6.1-7.5; KH 1-3
Max. Size In Aquarium: Up to 8”F
Color Form : Red, Yellow
Temperament: Peaceful
Diet: Carnivore
Compatibility: View Appendix C
Family: Cichlidae
The Yellow Marlboro Discus requires an advanced level of care due to its
feeding habits and water filtration requirements. Territorial during spawning, this
otherwise peaceful fish is among the schooling group, forming a well-defined
nuclear family.
38
Royal Red Discus (Symphysodon sp.)
Minimum Tank size: 50 gallons or 230 litres
Care Level: Moderate
Tank Conditions:79-86`F;pH 6.1-7.5; KH 1-3
Max. Size In Aquarium: Up to 8”
Color Form : Bright Red, Yellow
Temperament: Peaceful
Diet: Carnivore
Compatibility: View Appendix C
Family: Cichlidae
The Royal Red Discus requ
Posted: Thu Jun 10, 2010 11:33 pm Post subject: Re: Pet Shop Rules 2010 - Suggestions and Objections
Hi Guys,
My name is Tim Hayes, I'm an aquarium writer from the UK.
I discovered this appalling legislation yesterday and have since written an article about it on my information website www.reeframblings.co.uk.
Does anyone know what the consultation process is on these proposed rules?
I don't know whether this will be of any help to you but I'm also joint initiator of the European organisation, the Sustainable Aquarium Industry Association (SAIA). This is an organisation formed with just this sort of problem in mind. If you go to www.saia-online.eu you can find our Best Practices, written by aquarists with hands on experience of the organisms that we're dealing with.
These standards may be more accessible for the Indian hobby and could perhaps serve as a template if you're able to enter into a dialogue with the Ministry.
Joined: Jun 29, 2003 Posts: 1632 Location: Chennai, India
Status: Offline
Posted: Fri Jun 11, 2010 8:14 pm Post subject: Re: AQUARIUM FISH BREEDING AND MARKETING RULES
Folks,
Unless some one stands up and protests, these rules will go thro, since our well intentioned MPs will vote such drafts into law. I am pretty sure they will not spend even a millisecond debating it.
Rather than sit down & grumble, lets do something proactively. I suggest that we analyze each part of the draft rules & then communicate to the officials concerned.
Posted: Sat Jun 12, 2010 3:22 pm Post subject: Re: AQUARIUM FISH BREEDING AND MARKETING RULES
Hi,
I think from the entire list only one thing makes sense to me.
Quote:
32. No establishment may sell tanks with a capacity of less than 13
gallons or 60 litres of water for keeping fish tank animals.
atleast this will stop the sale of bowls !
I dont think we will be able to make much heed in terms of negotiating with the ministry. However if we can file for a Stay order on the said modification of the act, It would help us buy more time and negotiate better. If we have lawyers on IAH who can help the hobby in this regard it would be great.
Posted: Sat Jun 12, 2010 6:06 pm Post subject: Re: AQUARIUM FISH BREEDING AND MARKETING RULES
Basically almost the entire marine side of the hobby will go down the shitter if these rules come into play. Im up for any action you guys want to take.
Joined: Jun 29, 2003 Posts: 1632 Location: Chennai, India
Status: Offline
Posted: Sat Jun 12, 2010 8:49 pm Post subject: Re: AQUARIUM FISH BREEDING AND MARKETING RULES
Quote:
The Rules for the Housing and Breeding of aquarium fish apply to shop keepers and aquarium keepers as well as anyone who keeps fish for public display.
I.DEFINITIONS:
“Establishment” means any seller of fish tank animals or anyone keeping public display of fish tank animals.
“Fish tank animal” means any fish, or animal other than fish, kept in tanks or aquariums.
“Public display” means any place where people can view the fish that are kept in fish tanks or aquariums, irrespective of whether entry to such places is restricted or open, on payment or free.
“Facility” means any premises wherein fish tank animals are housed for display or sale, including pet shops
We know who is a "Shop Keeper" is. But who is a "aquarium keepers" and "anyone who keeps fish for public display" ? Does it include hobbyists ? What happens if you keep display tank in your office ?
Joined: Jun 11, 2008 Posts: 3506 Location: Mumbai, Bharat (AKA...INDIA)
Status: Offline
Posted: Mon Jun 14, 2010 9:09 pm Post subject: Re: AQUARIUM FISH BREEDING AND MARKETING RULES
Monitoring is a major headache. If a whole colony of people are fish keepers, then 1 inspector can daily cause trouble. but if the whole scenario is scatered miles apart, then we can imagine the manpower and costs required to control all the hobbyist. This seems to be some kinda "HOOL PATTI", or may be, on the positive side, the govt will soon allow imports with a little revenue pulling, and open up fish keeping on a larger scale?, if that is the case, then this is THE! begining.
Posted: Tue Jul 06, 2010 9:10 pm Post subject: Re: AQUARIUM FISH BREEDING AND MARKETING RULES
Greetings fellow aquarium hobbyists,
I have followed this forum keenly and with a deep interest since its iception right through its present form and role today as a substantial data bank and forum catering exclusively to the Indian hobbyist.I have posted my introduction elsewhere under the name "syngnathid".I have been forced to adopt a new moniker eversince the hacking of all my old ids.
But I digress. This new yet-to-be approved legislation clearly and very precisely spells DOOM for our beloved hobby,as we know it and intends to take the aquarium hobby back to the dark ages.
Not only are most points addressed in this legislation absurd,the legislation also seems to be drafted by people who clearly have absolutely NO IDEA what they are talking about.
Case in point being a majority of species mentioned in the list are exotics,especially the various dwarf angel fish species and most butterfly fish.The list also mentions several hobby favourites like lionfish and the maroon clownfish for instance,which are clearly NOT THREATENED ANYWHERE!!!
Also,which person in his right mind would want to house a barracuda?
And why on earth should the keeping of certain oddball species like frogfish,anglerfish and invertebrates like cephalopods and stomatopods be banned???
And why must a deicated hobbyist NOT be allowed to keep certain species of Elasmobranchs???Case in point being bamboo sharks,cat sharks and freshwater stingrays!!!
If the aim of coming up with this list was to help preserve and protect our ichthofauna and marine lifeforms,this legislation falls flat on its face and I absolutely disown it!
I was more than happy complying with the Wildlife Proctection Act and avoid keeping those species which were listed in it for one reason or the other regardless of my personal opinion about the wildlife protection act (mind you,there are multiple clauses in there as well which make no sense) But this is absolute nonsense and taking things too far!
Fishes,especially,are among those groups of animals which are generally neglected by most naturalists and nature lovers alike.Trust me,being a naturalist,I know!I have met people who talk about almost every animal under the sun,but when it comes to fish,they are generally regarded as smelly,slimy grey things staring back at us goggle eyed from a fisherwomans basket.
Little do people,including most nature lovers and naturalists realise that fishes are some of themost beautful,diverse and complex life forms sharing our planet earth with us,with a bewilderingly vast array of forms and shapes,suited to inhabit most if not all aquatic ecosystems.
Also,a majority of underwater habitats which exist today are very much alike the way these habitats were hundreds if not thousands of years ago.
Sure,humans have most certainly impacted and altered almost every habitat,but being land dwelling,the alterations to most aquatic habitats has benn minimal,comparatively at the very least.
And this is where the aquarist steps in.Since not many people can dive,well set aquariums are the second best alternative to appreciate,understand and study these fascinating organisms.
A lot of species being bred in captivity can perhaps be attested to the efforts of aquarium hobbyists worldwide to give back what they take from nature manyfold,species which have given them so much pleasure and in the long run appreciate and acknowlege the natural world,its many wonders and the problems and issues which threaten our planet earth today.
I look upon aquarists as guardians of our aquatic biodiversity and clamping down on the trade would not remedy anything,only serve to aggravate matters and make life difficult for those communities whose daily bread depends upon the thriving aquarium trade.
Also,most species,for instance,the bangai cardinal,are threatened today in their natural habitat(by NO fault of hobbyists),but God willing,thanks to the efforts of dedicated hobbyists the world over,has been bred in captivity and should it go extinct,there will still be captive bred stocks to reintroduce them back into their natural habitat after the issue has been identified and corrected.
Also,most problems which plague marine and other aquatic life forms the world over have more to do with global warming,unethical and unchecked industrialisation and rapid deforestation owing to a rapidly increasing human population and unsustainable development.
The aquarist unfortunately,is just a poor casualty,a mute spectator caught in this crossfire,this blame-game of decision makers and ill informed politicians and has ended up being made the scape goat for the larger issues plaguing our aquatic life forms and their threatened habitats the worl over and unless we speak up now and make people realise this truth,the hobby as we know it will cease to exist.
Remeber,there are people who will effectively kill the hobby as we know it unless we take steps to remedy the situation,quickly!
Warm regards,
Javed Jameer Ahmed.
Last edited by lycosids on Wed Jul 07, 2010 4:56 pm; edited 1 time in total
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